The Facts

Galileo is the EU’s global navigation satellite system which went live in 2016. It was created by the European Space Agency (ESA) and is operated by the European Union Agency for the Space Programme (EUSPA). 

Horizon Europe is the EU’s funding programme for research and innovation projects for the years 2021 to 2027. The programme has a budget of €95.5 billion.  

Named after the mathematician and computer scientist Alan Turing, the Turing Scheme is the UK Government’s new scheme to provide opportunities in education and placements in different locations across the world.  

The Trade Cooperation Agreement (TCA) established the Partnership Council – chaired by both the UK and EU – to oversee implementation, application and interpretation of the TCA. 

The Withdrawal Agreement established the Joint Committee – chaired by both the UK and EU – to oversee implementation, application and interpretation of the Agreement. 

The IMA is the body established by the UK government to ensure that the rights of EU and EEA citizens in the UK are being protected.

What does the Trade and Cooperation Agreement mean and what does it include? How will it impact UK-EU relations going forward?

Dispute resolution is the mutually agreed process by which disagreements over the interpretation, application or breach of a trade agreement can be…

Dynamic alignment is the idea that parties to a trade agreement maintain equivalent regulatory standards to each other in future.

Cross-retaliation refers to the idea that parties to a trade agreement can take retaliatory action, such as implementing tariffs, in areas not directly related to those in which a breach has taken place.

Non-regression is the idea that different parties to a trade agreement commit in future to at least maintaining their current level of regulatory standards on things like labour law and environmental protection.

When new countries join the EU, existing member states have in general been allowed to apply restrictions on the free movement rights of citizens from new member states for a transitional period.